| Map indicating critical frequencies for wave breaking in Toolik Lake.
Critical frequencies depend upon the buoyancy frequency and bottom slope.
In Toolik Lake, waves occur with frequencies from 1 to
300 cpd so wave breaking against the sloping boundaries is expected except at the deepest locations. In addition, considerable wave reflection from the boundaries is anticipated. As reflected waves interact with other waves, wave breaking is also anticipated. Wave breaking at the boundaries and by interaction with other waves are two ways that turbulence is generated in lakes. The third mechanism involves enhanced shear. We have evidence for all three mechanisms in Toolik Lake. |